Fixed-Site Network

July 14 – 20, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Sondes were swapped this week on the morning of July 15th. Overall, the water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair this week. Weather conditions were dry, with only a trace of precipitation recorded at T.F. Green. The Blackstone River flow fluctuated throughout the week. Surface salinity averaged 12.6 ppt and ranged from 2.3 ppt to 24.0 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 21.2 ppt and ranged from 10.3 ppt to 28.1 ppt. Temperatures averaged 25.7°C at the surface and 6.9°C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 5.6°C to 6.8°C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 6.1°C to 7.1°C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing dropped below the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. The longest periods of hypoxic conditions spanned 11.5 hours, occurring during the day of July 18th. During this period, the bottom DO averaged around 1.99 mg/L. Surface DO averaged 8.1 mg/L and ranged from 2.1 mg/L to 17.4 mg/L. Bottom DO concentrations averaged 2.6 mg/L and ranged from 0.3 mg/L to 9.7 mg/L. Chlorophyll readings increased from last week, averaging 46.4 µg/L at the surface and 28.2 µg/L at the bottom. Maximum chlorophyll at the surface reached 296.8 µg/L on the morning of July 17th. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location. 

Bullock Reach

Due to water intrusion, Bullock Reach’s middle sonde was retrieved July 7th. No data is available at the mid depth this week. Overall, water quality was good to fair at Bullock Reach this week. Salinity averaged 25.1 ppt, and 30.3 ppt at the surface, and bottom sondes, respectively. Surface salinity ranged 22.3– 28.0 ppt, and bottom salinity ranged 28.3 – 31.1 ppt. Surface temperature averaged 25.5°C and ranged from 23.9°C to 27.7°C. Bottom temperatures averaged 21.7°C and ranged from 19.9°C to 26.4°C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Bullock Reach remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) at the surface throughout the week, while DO at the bottom waters dropped below the hypoxic threshold throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 7.7 mg/L and ranged 5.7 – 10.7 mg/L. At the bottom, DO averaged 3.2 mg/L and ranged 2.0 – 5.6 mg/L.  Chlorophyll readings ranged from low to elevated throughout the week. Readings averaged 22.3 µg/L at the surface, and 3.7 µg/L at the bottom.  The maximum surface chlorophyll was 40.3 µg/L on the afternoon of July 15th.

July 7 – 13, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Overall, the water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair this week. Weather conditions included frequent rain events this week, with 2.33 inches of precipitation recorded at T.F. Green. The Blackstone River flow fluctuated throughout the week. Surface salinity averaged 11.1 ppt and ranged from 2.9 ppt to 22.5 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 21.3 ppt and ranged from 5.1 ppt to 28.2 ppt. Surface temperature increased this week, averaging 25.0°C at the surface and ranging 22.9°C – 28.8°C. The bottom temperature decreased averaged 21.3°C and ranged 5.1°C – 28.2°C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing dropped below the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. The longest periods of hypoxic conditions spanned 22.5 hours, occurring at the bottom depth from the afternoon of July 9th until July 10th.  During this period, the bottom DO averaged around 1.69 mg/L. Surface DO averaged 7.1 mg/L and ranged from 2.1 mg/L to 13.2 mg/L. Bottom DO concentrations averaged 2.9 mg/L and ranged from 0.4 mg/L to 8.1 mg/L. Chlorophyll readings decreased from last week, averaging 24.8 µg/L at the surface and 24.0 µg/L at the bottom. Maximum chlorophyll at the surface reached 97.0 µg/L on the morning of July 8th. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location. 

Bullock Reach

Sondes were swapped this week on the morning of July 9th. Overall, water quality was good at Bullock Reach this week. Salinity averaged 25.8 ppt, 28.7 ppt, and 30.8 ppt at the surface, middle, and bottom sondes, respectively. Surface salinity ranged 22.3– 28.5 ppt, mid salinity ranged 25.2 – 29.3 ppt, and bottom salinity ranged 29.0 – 31.9 ppt. Surface temperature averaged 24.5°C and ranged from 23.0°C to 26.0°C. Mid temperatures averaged 24.3°C and ranged from 23.3°C to 25.3°C. Bottom temperatures averaged 20.7°C and ranged from 18.4°C to 23.6°C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Bullock Reach remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 6.8 mg/L and ranged 3.8 – 11.6 mg/L. In the mid waters, DO averaged 6.6 mg/L and ranged 4.7 – 7.8 mg/L. At the bottom, DO averaged 3.8 mg/L and ranged 2.9 – 6.2 mg/L.  Chlorophyll readings ranged from low to elevated throughout the week. Readings averaged 14.2 µg/L at the surface, 13.5 µg/L at mid-depth, and 4.8 µg/L at the bottom.  The maximum surface chlorophyll was 58.9 µg/L on the afternoon of July 13th.

June 30 – July 6, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Sondes were swapped this week on July 1st. Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was poor to good this week. Weather conditions were moderately rainy this week, with a total of 0.55 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 3rd.  Blackstone River flow reached its peak on July 3rd, where the flow was similar to the 20-year daily median flow, but was otherwise below the 20-year daily median value for the rest of the week.   Salinity at the surface averaged 15.5 ppt and ranged from 6.5 ppt to 23.3 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 23.8 ppt and ranged from 16.1 ppt to 28.5 ppt. Temperatures this week averaged 24.6 °C at the surface and 22.3 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 21.8  °C to 28.5 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 20.2 °C to 24.9 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) at the surface, but below the hypoxia threshold at the bottom for most of the week. Hypoxic conditions were observed at the surface briefly during the morning on July 1st. Hypoxic conditions were observed at the bottom for multiple extended periods from July 2nd to July 6th, including one 21-hour period from the evening of July 2nd to the evening of July 3rd. Surface DO averaged 9.4 mg/L and ranged from 2.8 to 20.8 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 2.8 mg/L and ranged from 0.8 mg/L to 8.8 mg/L. Chlorophyll ranged from low to elevated levels throughout the week, averaging 38.6 ug/L at the surface and 34.7 ug/L at the bottom, with evidence of substantial phytoplankton blooms occurring throughout the week. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 113.1 ug/L on the afternoon of July 5th. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

Bullock Reach

Overall, water quality ranged from fair to good at Bullock Reach this week. Salinity averaged 27.0 ppt, 29.0 ppt, and 30.8 ppt at the surface, middle, and bottom sondes, respectively. Surface salinity ranged from 24.9 to 28.7 ppt, mid salinity ranged from 26.2 to 30.8 ppt, and bottom salinity ranged from 29.3 to 31.9 ppt. Surface temperature averaged 23.4 °C and ranged from 21.4 °C to 25.3 °C. Mid temperatures averaged 22.3 °C and ranged from 20.0 °C to 24.5 °C. Bottom temperatures averaged 20.2 °C and ranged from 19.0 °C to 23.3 °C.

DO at Bullock Reach remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 7.4 mg/L and ranged from 5.2 to 10.2 mg/L. In the mid waters, DO averaged 5.9 mg/L and ranged from 3.9 to 8.6 mg/L. At the bottom, DO averaged 4.6 mg/L and ranged 3.0 to 7.1 mg/L.  Chlorophyll readings ranged from low to moderate, with evidence of moderate phytoplankton blooms occurring throughout the week. Readings averaged 10.1 µg/L at the surface, 13.1 µg/L at mid-depth, and 9.2 µg/L at the bottom.  The maximum surface chlorophyll was 32.8 µg/L on the afternoon of July 4th.

June 23 – June 29, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was poor to good this week. Weather conditions were relatively dry this week, with a total of 0.07 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 26th.  Blackstone River flow decreased slightly over the course of the week, and remained below the 20-year daily median flow. Salinity at the surface averaged 20.6 ppt and ranged from 14.3 ppt to 25.3 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 23.4 ppt and ranged from 4.6 ppt to 27.2 ppt. Temperatures this week averaged 22.3 °C at the surface and 21.4 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 19.8 °C to 26.4 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 19.4 °C to 24.6 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) for most of the week. Hypoxic conditions were observed at the surface briefly during early morning on June 27th and June 29th. Hypoxic conditions were observed at the bottom for multiple hours in the early morning of June 27th, briefly in the evening of June 28th, and for multiple hours in the evening of June 29th. Surface DO averaged 7.3 mg/L and ranged from 2.8 to 15.1 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 5.3 mg/L and ranged from 2.3 mg/L to 12.3 mg/L. Chlorophyll ranged from low to elevated levels throughout the week, averaging 22.2 ug/L at the surface and 16.1 ug/L at the bottom, with evidence of moderate phytoplankton blooms occurring throughout the week. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 92.1 ug/L on the early morning of June 27st. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

Bullock Reach

Sondes were swapped this week on June 24th. Overall, water quality ranged from fair to good at Bullock Reach this week. Salinity averaged 26.1 ppt, 28.4 ppt, and 30.4 ppt at the surface, middle, and bottom sondes, respectively. Surface salinity ranged from 22.2 to 29.1 ppt, mid salinity ranged from 24.9 to 30.6 ppt, and bottom salinity ranged from 28.4 to 31.4 ppt. Surface temperature averaged 22.6 °C and ranged from 20.2 °C to 26.5 °C. Mid temperatures averaged 21.1 °C and ranged from 19.2 °C to 24.6 °C. Bottom temperatures averaged 19.1 °C and ranged from 17.4 °C to 20.6 °C.

DO at Bullock Reach remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 7.6 mg/L and ranged from 5.1 to 11.3 mg/L. In the mid waters, DO averaged 6.0 mg/L and ranged from 3.9 to 9.7 mg/L. At the bottom, DO averaged 4.9 mg/L and ranged 3.9 to 6.3 mg/L.  Chlorophyll readings ranged from low to moderate, with evidence of moderate phytoplankton blooms occurring throughout the week. Readings averaged 10.1 µg/L at the surface, 12.5 µg/L at mid-depth, and 9.8 µg/L at the bottom.  The maximum surface chlorophyll was 42.7 µg/L on the afternoon of June 28th.

June 16 – June 22, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Sondes were swapped this week on June 17th. Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair to good this week. Weather conditions were slightly drier than the previous week, with a total of 0.21 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 17th.  Blackstone River flow remained near the 20-year daily median until the end of the week, when flows declined below the 20-year daily median values. Salinity at the surface averaged 13.1 ppt and ranged from 3.1 ppt to 21.7 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 21.5 ppt and ranged from 3.1 ppt to 27.9 ppt. Temperatures this week averaged 21.1 °C at the surface and 19.0 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 17.7 °C to 25.6 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 16.0 °C to 22.4 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 9.0 mg/L and ranged from 4.4 to 17.1 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 5.6 mg/L and ranged from 3.9 mg/L to 10.4 mg/L. Chlorophyll ranged from low to moderate levels throughout the week, averaging 21.4 ug/L at the surface and 17.1 ug/L at the bottom. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 92.1 ug/L on the morning of June 21st. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

Bullock Reach

Overall, water quality ranged from fair to good at Bullock Reach this week. Salinity averaged 24.7 ppt, 26.8 ppt, and 29.9 ppt at the surface, middle, and bottom sondes, respectively. Surface salinity ranged from 21.5 to 26.6 ppt, mid salinity ranged from 23.6 to 28.7 ppt, and bottom salinity ranged from 27.9 to 31.0 ppt. Surface temperature averaged 20.6 °C and ranged from 18.3 °C to 23.4 °C. Mid temperatures averaged 19.5 °C and ranged from 16.5 °C to 22.7 °C. Bottom temperatures averaged 16.7 °C and ranged from 15.1 °C to 20.1 °C.

DO at Bullock Reach remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 9.5 mg/L and ranged from 7.0 to 12.8 mg/L. In the mid waters, DO averaged 7.5 mg/L and ranged from 4.9 to 9.7 mg/L. At the bottom, DO averaged 4.7 mg/L and ranged 3.6 to 6.7mg/L.  Chlorophyll readings ranged from low to elevated, with evidence of moderate phytoplankton blooms occurring throughout the week. Readings averaged 18.2 µg/L at the surface, 18.2 µg/L at mid-depth, and 6.5 µg/L at the bottom.  The maximum surface chlorophyll was 63.8 µg/L on the evening of June 20th.

June 9 – June 15, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair to good this week. Weather conditions were slightly drier than the previous week, with a total of 0.31 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 10th.  The Blackstone River flow decreased throughout the week, exceeding the 20-year daily median until the 15th. Salinity at the surface averaged 8.4 ppt and ranged from 2.8 ppt to 21.8 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 20.1 ppt and ranged from 4.2 ppt to 27.9 ppt. Temperatures this week averaged 20.1 °C at the surface and 17.6 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 17.5 °C to 23.4 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 15.0 °C to 22.6 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 8.0 mg/L and ranged from 4.9 to 10.6 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 5.1mg/L and ranged from 3.3 mg/L to 8.9 mg/L. Chlorophyll ranged from low to moderate levels throughout the week, averaging 8.1 ug/L at the surface and 10.1 ug/L at the bottom. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 24.9 ug/L on the evening of June 13th. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

Bullock Reach

The Bullock Reach Buoy sondes were deployed for the season on June 10th, 2025. Overall, water quality ranged from fair to good at Bullock Reach this week. Salinity averaged 22.7 ppt, 26.8 ppt, and 30.5 ppt at the surface, middle, and bottom sondes, respectively. Surface salinity ranged from 15.4 to 26.4 ppt, mid salinity ranged from 21.7 to 29.8 ppt, and bottom salinity ranged from 29.0 to 31.5 ppt. Surface temperature averaged 19.0 °C and ranged from 17.0 °C to 20.9 °C. Mid temperatures averaged 17.7 °C and ranged from 15.5 °C to 20.3 °C. Bottom temperatures averaged 14.9 °C and ranged from 13.8 °C to 16.7 °C.

DO at Bullock Reach remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 10.5 mg/L and ranged from 6.1 to 14.2 mg/L. In the mid waters, DO averaged 7.6 mg/L and ranged from 4.6 to 12.0 mg/L. At the bottom, DO averaged 4.9 mg/L and ranged 4.3 to 6.1mg/L.  Chlorophyll readings ranged from low to elevated, with evidence of substantial phytoplankton blooms occurring throughout the week. Readings averaged 32.9 µg/L at the surface, 31.3 µg/L at mid-depth, and 6.0 µg/L at the bottom.  The maximum surface chlorophyll was 78.7 µg/L on the evening of June 14th.

June 2 – June 8, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Sondes were swapped this week on June 3rd. Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair to good this week. Weather conditions included moderate rain, with a total of 0.56 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 7th.  The Blackstone River flow peaked on the 7th, exceeding the 20-year daily median, before which flows remained near the 20-year daily median. Salinity at the surface averaged 3.6 ppt and ranged from 1.3 ppt to 7.1 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 14.6 ppt and ranged from 2.7 ppt to 28.0 ppt. Temperatures this week averaged 20.6 °C at the surface and 17.8 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 16.3 °C to 24.7 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 14.2 °C to 23.2 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 9.0 mg/L and ranged from 6.3 -12.4 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 5.9 mg/L and ranged from 3.6 mg/L to 10.0 mg/L. Chlorophyll was low in the beginning of the week, but then increased, averaging 6.2 ug/L at the surface and 9.2 ug/L at the bottom. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 32.0 ug/L near midday on June 7th. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

Bullock Reach

The Bullock Reach Buoy remains out of the water for the winter.  EM will coordinate with RIDEM to redeploy the buoy in late spring-early summer.

May 26 – June 1, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was good this week. Weather conditions were slightly dryer this week than previous weeks, with a total of 0.53 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 31st.  The Blackstone River flow decreased throughout the week, but remained above the 20-year daily median for the entire week. Salinity at the surface averaged 4.4 ppt and ranged from 1.4 ppt to 15.6 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 11.1 ppt and ranged from 2.0 ppt to 26.4 ppt. Temperatures this week averaged 17.0 °C at the surface and 16.0 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 13.2 °C to 19.5 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 12.6 °C to 19.3 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 8.8 mg/L and ranged from 6.8 -10.4 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 7.8 mg/L and ranged from 5.5 mg/L to 10.4 mg/L. Chlorophyll was low, averaging 1.5 ug/L at the surface and 1.8 ug/L at the bottom. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 4.4 ug/L in the early morning of May 31st. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

Bullock Reach

The Bullock Reach Buoy remains out of the water for the winter.  EM will coordinate with RIDEM to redeploy the buoy in late spring-early summer.

May 19 – May 25, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair to good this week. Weather conditions were wet this week, with a total of 2.31 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 26th.  The Blackstone River flow peaked on the 23rd and 24th, but remained above the 20-year daily median for the entire week. Salinity at the surface averaged 5.4 ppt and ranged from 0.3 ppt to 12.7 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 12.3 ppt and ranged from 0.1 ppt to 37.2 ppt; however, the salinity data for the first part of the week also exhibits some anomalous behavior, and may be tied to a sensor malfunction. Temperatures this week averaged 14.6 °C at the surface and 13.7 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 12.0 °C to 19.1 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 12.2 °C to 18.0 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 9.2 mg/L and ranged from 7.1 -11.4 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 7.6 mg/L and ranged from 3.4 mg/L to 11.3 mg/L. Chlorophyll was low, averaging 1.1 ug/L at the surface and 1.5 ug/L at the bottom. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 2.4 ug/L. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

The bottom sonde had a malfunctioning depth sensor, thus no depth data is available for the bottom sonde until the sondes were swapped out on May 20th.

Bullock Reach

The Bullock Reach Buoy remains out of the water for the winter.  EM will coordinate with RIDEM to redeploy the buoy in late spring-early summer.

​May 12 – May 18, 2025

Phillipsdale Landing

Overall, water quality at Phillipsdale Landing was fair to good this week. Weather conditions were wet this week, with a total of 1.38 inches recorded at T.F. Green, and the majority of rainfall occurring on the 15th.  The Blackstone River flow peaked on the 16th and remained above the 20-year daily median for the entire week. Salinity at the surface averaged 1.8 ppt and ranged from 0.4 ppt to 4.2 ppt. At the bottom, salinity averaged 9.1 ppt and ranged from 0.0 ppt to 32.8 ppt; however, the salinity data for the first part of the week also exhibits some anomalous behavior, and may be tied to a sensor malfunction. Temperatures this week averaged 18.2 °C at the surface and 16.1 °C at the bottom. Surface temperatures ranged from 14.7 °C to 20.6 °C, while bottom temperatures ranged from 11.8 °C to 20.1 °C.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) at Phillipsdale Landing remained above the hypoxia threshold (i.e., DO >2.9 mg/L) throughout the week. Surface DO averaged 9.0 mg/L and ranged from 7.8 -10.4 mg/L. Bottom water DO concentration averaged 7.1 mg/L and ranged from 3.9 mg/L to 9.9 mg/L. Chlorophyll was low, averaging 0.9 ug/L at the surface and 2.7 ug/L at the bottom. Maximum surface chlorophyll readings reached 3.7 ug/L, recorded on the afternoon of May 12th. Please note that tidal fluctuations and Blackstone River flows greatly influence water column salinity, temperature, and DO at this location.

The bottom sonde had a malfunctioning depth sensor this week, thus no depth data is available for the bottom sonde. The salinity data for this week also exhibits some anomalous behavior, and may have been malfunctioning.

Bullock Reach

The Bullock Reach Buoy remains out of the water for the winter.  EM will coordinate with RIDEM to redeploy the buoy in late spring-early summer.

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